The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Ed. Paul Edwards. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1969.

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself. Ed. Werner Sollors. London: 1789.

Acholonu, Catherine Obianju. “The Home of Olaudah Equiano—A Linguistic and Anthropological Search.” The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 22.1 (1987): 5–16.

Andrew, Williams L. To Tell a Free Story: The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography, 1760–1865. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.

Caldwell, Tanya. “ ‘Talking Too Much English’: Languages of Economy and Politics in Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative.” Early American Literature 34.3 (1999): 263–82.

Carretta, Vincent. “Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa? New Light on an Eighteenth-Century Question of Identity.” Slavery and Abolition 20.3 (1999): 96–105.

Costanzo, Angelo. Surprizing Narrative: Olaudah Equiano and the Beginnings of Black Autobiography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987.

Dabydeen, David, ed. The Black Presence in English Literature. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1985.

Davis, Charles T., and Henry Louis Gates Jr., eds. The Slave’s Narrative. New York: Oxford UP, 1985.

Doherty, Thomas. ‘‘Olaudah Equiano’s Journey: The Geography of a Slave Narrative.” Partisan Review 64.4 (Fall 1997): 572–81.

Fichtelberg, Joseph. “Word Between Worlds: The Economy of Equiano’s Narrative.” American Literary History 5.3 (Fall 1993): 459–80.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. “The Trope of the Talking Book.” In The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Hinds, Elizabeth Jane Wall. “The Spirit of Trade: Olaudah Equiano’s Conversion, Legalism, and the Merchant’s Life.” African American Review 32.4 (Winter 1998): 635–47.

Marren, Susan M. “Between Slavery and Freedom: The Transgressive Self in Olaudah Equiano’s Autobiography.” PMLA 108 (1993): 94–105.

Morris, Gilbert N.M.O. “Olaudah Equiano.” In African American Authors, 1745–1945. Ed. Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. 141–54.

Murphy, Geraldine. “Olaudah Equiano, Accidental Tourist.” Eighteenth-Century Studies 27 (1994): 551–68.

Ogude, S.E. “Olaudah Equiano and the Tradition of Defoe.” African Literature Today 14 (1984): 77–91.

Orban, Katalin. “Dominant and Submerged Discourses in The Life of Olaudah Equiano.” African American Review 27 (1993): 655–64.

Potkay, Adam. “Olaudah Equiano and the Art of Spiritual Autobiography.” Eighteenth Century Studies 27 (1994): 677–90.

Rust, Marion. “The Subaltern as Imperialist: Speaking of Olaudah Equiano.” In Passing and the Fictions of Identity. Ed. Elaine K. Ginsberg. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996. 21–36.

Samuels, Wilfred D. “Olaudah Equiano.” Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 50. Detroit: Gale, 1986. 123–29.

Sandiford, Keith A. Measuring the Moment: Strategies of Protest in Eighteenth-Century Afro-English Writing. London: Associated University Press, 1988.

Woodard, Helena. African-British Writing in the Eighteenth-Century: The Politics of Race and Reason. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.

Zafar, Rafia. We Wear the Mask: African Americans Write American Literature, 1760–1870. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.