Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Boston, 1845. Ed. Houston A. Baker Jr. New York: Penguin, 1986.

My Bondage and My Freedom. Intro. Dr. James M’Cune Smith. New York, 1855. Rpt. with the original intro. and a new intro by Philip S. Foner. 1856. New York: Dover, 1969.

Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself. Intro. George L. Ruffin. Hartford, CT: Park, 1881; Boston: De Wolfe and Fiske, 1892; reprint, with a new intro. by Rayford W. Logan. New York: Collier Books, 1962; facsimile, New York: Carol, 1995.

“My Escape from Slavery.” The Century Magazine (November 1881): 125–31.

Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings. Ed. Philip S. Foner. Abridged and adapted by Yuval Taylor. Chicago, IL: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999.

Cohen, Hennig, ed. Landmarks of American Writing. New York: Basic Books, 1969. Franchot, Jenny. “The Punishment of Esther: Frederick Douglass and the Construction ofhe Feminine.” In Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays. Ed. Eric J. Sundquist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 141–65.

Fuller, Margaret. Rev. of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York Tribune, June 10, 1845, 2.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. “Binary Oppositions in Chapter One of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself.” In Afro-American Literature. Ed. Dexter Fisher and Robert B. Stepto. New York: MLA, 1978. 212–32. Rpt. in Figures in Black: Words, Signs and the “Racial” Self. By Henry Louis Gates Jr. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. 80–97.

Hord, Fred Lee. Reconstructing Memory: Black Literary Criticism. Chicago: Third World Press, 1991.

Kibbey, Ann. “Language in Slavery.’’ Prospects: The Annual of American Cultural Studies 8 (1983). In Frederick Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. 131–52.

Kibbey, Ann, and Michelle Stepto. “The Antilanguage of Slavery: Frederick Douglass’s 1845 Narrative.” In Critical Essays on Frederick Douglass. Ed. William L. Andrews. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1991. 166–91.

Matlock, James. “The Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass.” Phylon 40 (March 1979): 15–27.

McDowell, Deborah E. “In the First Place: Making Frederick Douglass and the Afro-American Narrative Tradition.” In Critical Essays on Frederick Douglass. Ed. William L. Andrews. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1991. 66–83.

Moses, Wilson J. “Writing Freely?: Frederick Douglass and the Constraints of Racialized Writing.” In Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays. Ed. Eric J. Sundquist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Peabody, Ephraim. Rev. of Douglass’s Narrative in “Narratives of Fugitive Slaves.” Christian Examiner 47 (July 1849): 61–93. In Critical Essays on Frederick Douglass. Ed. William L. Andrews. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1991.

Smith, Valerie. Self-Discovery and Authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Stone, Albert E. “Identity and Art in Frederick Douglass’s Narrative.” CLA Journal 17 (1973): 192–213. In Critical Essays on Frederick Douglass. Ed. William L. Andrews. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1991. 62–78.

Sundquist, Eric J. “Frederick Douglass: Literacy and Paternalism.” Raritan 2 (Fall 1986): 108–24. In Critical Essays on Frederick Douglass. Ed. William L. Andrews. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1991.

Chesnutt, Charles W. Frederick Douglass. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899.

Diedrich, Maria. Love across Color Lines: Ottilie Assing & Frederick Douglass. New York: Hill and Wang, 1999.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Complete Essays and Other Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ed. Brooks Atkinson. New York: Modern Library, 1950.

Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Ed. Nathaniel Edward Griffin. Chicago, IL: Scott, Foresman, n.d.

McFeeley, William S. Frederick Douglass. New York: W.W. Norton, 1991.

Preston, Dickson J. Young Frederick Douglass: The Maryland Years. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.

Quarles, Benjamin. Frederick Douglass. Washington, DC: Associated Publishers, 1948. With revised intro. by James M. McPherson. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.

Washington, Booker T. Frederick Douglass. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs, 1907. New York: Greenwood, 1969.