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BOBBY SEALE MOVES TO END SECRET GOVERNMENT IN OAKLAND

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EDITORIAL: DELAYING TACTIC MAY BACKFIRE

The attempt by Oakland Mayor Reading and certain City Councilmen to delay enactment of the "truth in government", Anti-Secrecy ordinance Bobby Seale submitted last Tuesday, may backfire on Reading. At its meeting last Thursday, certain members of the Council raised questions about the interpretation of the proposed ordinance.

These questions and others like them were sufficient reason for the Council to decide not to put the ordinance on the agenda for this Tuesday's meeting. Action by the Council must now await staff reports on what has happened in other cities where this type of ordinance has been passed, as well as legal and administrative interpretations of the ordinance.

It appears to us that Reading lacks the political astuteness he was compelled to credit Bobby Seale with having last Tuesday. The delaying action -- for it can be no more than that -- only pushes enactment of an Anti-Secrecy in Government ordinance closer to Oakland municipal election day, April 17. No matter what form the final ordinance takes, for the people of Oakland it will remain "the Seale plan". Its enactment will be viewed by the voters as a victory for Bobby Seale.

When Bobby was assured, reluctantly, last Tuesday by Reading that his submission of the ordinance was a major victory for him, Bobby's reply was, "It's a victory for the people, Mayor Reading, the People!"

The ordinary citizen, particularly Black and other oppressed and poor citizens, have known few victories in Oakland City Hall.

But the campaign Bobby Seale and Elaine Brown are waging throughout the city is convincing more and more Oakland residents from among the oppressed and the poor that they will finally have a voice in city government with the election of Bobby and Elaine.

Mayor Reading and the City Council may inadvertently be contributing to this by designating a People's Victory on the Anti-Secrecy in Government Ordinances -- as Bobby's Victory.

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A TRIBUTE TO HUEY

By having no family

I have inherited the family of humanity

By having no possessions

I have possessed all

By rejecting the love of one

I have received the love of all

By surrending my life to the revolution

I have found eternal life.
These words are from Huey Newton's most recent book, Revolutionary Suicide. These are the words of a man who has begun to change the entire country with the ideas that have awakened millions of Black people. All of the programs implemented for the survival of Black and poor people begun by the Black Panther Party have been developed through the theories of Huey P. Newton.

Many people at one time believed that the Black Panther Party was "Marxist" Nationalist or only a group of entertainers; the belief was that we took from all of the philosophers who have made contributions to the betterment of humankind. It is true that we have read many of the writings of philosophers throughout history, but we have applied only that which can benefit Black Americans, poor and oppressed people in this country. Huey P. Newton's ideas are beyond the realm of most intellectual philosophers, for he not only talks about what is to be done, but he, through the Black Panther Party, has implemented those ideas, according to the peculiar specifics of the United States. He is a people's philosopher.

Though he was imprisoned for 3 years and was forced to stand trial on 3 occasions for the same charges (allegedly killing one police officer and wounding another) he did not falter or deny his responsibility to the community from which he came. He was nearly killed many times; he was imprisoned unjustly. However, as he has said, he surrendered his life to the revolution and found eternal life. The examples that he has set and the ideas that he continues to bring forth have made him immortal. He cannot die for in young Black and poor people, in children, in students and in the homes of entire families, Huey Newton is known as one of the most courageous Black men ever to announce that it was time to put an end to silence, that our situation was beyond the point of pleasant demonstrations and marches.

This year, February 17, 1973, Huey Newton will have lived another year. We celebrate his life because he represents the beginning to the end of oppression. Our hope is that he will live many more years to give direction to the people of this country.

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JOBLESS RATE FOR BLACK VIETNAM VETS SOARS

The following unemployment figures were all compiled by a group of Vietnam Veterans working for the ill-fated McGovern campaign this past fall. (As of April 1972):

Country-Wide Unemployment For all age groups: 6%

Black and other Non-white Vietnam Vets 20-24 years old: 22.4%

White Vietnam Vets 20-24 years old: 12.7%

General Population 20-24 years old: 7.5%

Black and other Non-white Vietnam Vets 20-29 years old: 15.3%

White Vietnam Vets 20-29 years old: 8.6%

General Population 20-29 years old: 7.5%

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BOBBY SEALE MOVES TO END SECRET GOVERNMENT IN OAKLAND: PEOPLE'S CANDIDATE CALLED A “FORMIDABLE OPPONENT”

Bobby Seale, people's candidate for Mayor of Oakland, won a resounding victory last week before the Oakland City Council. With a vote of eight to zero, the Council agreed to consider the Anti-Secrecy in Government ordinance submitted by Bobby Seale at its sitting last Tuesday.

A packed chamber, including long time advocates of the anti-secrecy in government cause, cheered Brother Bobby's clam presentation before a stunned and attentive Council.

Mayor John Reading, undoubtedly expressing the sentiment of a number of the Council members, begrudgingly congratulated Brother Bobby for his political astuteness, declaring: "No matter what way the Council moves, Mr. Seale, you're the winner!"

Nowhere in Oakland is truth more lacking or more feared than in the "hallowed halls" of city government. The politicians of Oakland seem to avoid honesty as readily as they avoid serving the community. It was with this understanding that Bobby Seale, accompanied by Elaine Brown, people's choice for City Councilwoman, appeared before the Oakland City Council, and called on the Council members and the present mayor of Oakland to join with them in urging the adoption of a "truth in government" ordinance.

Earlier, Brother Bobby had sent an open letter to Mayor Reading and eight other city councilmen, urging enactment of a law that would end secret government in Oakland. The letter read, in part:

"I invite you to join with me in urging the City Council to put an end to secret government in Oakland. The means of achieving an "open" government are within the immediate power of the City Council i.e., adoption of an ordinance requiring that all regular and special meetings of the City Council and its committees and agencies, whether composed of a quorum (majority of members) or less, be open and public…" The letter went on to read:

"… credible evidence will show that the Oakland City Council presently operates in secret. In the May 7, 1970, issue of the Oakland Tribune, for example, it is reported that the Oakland City Council met secretly and agreed to support refunding of the city's embattled poverty program … I have asked the City Clerk to place this matter on the agenda for discussion at the earliest possible Tuesday evening Council meeting. I hope and trust that you will be present at the Council meeting and that you will cast your vote in favor of this truth in government ordinance."

The earliest possible moment for submission of Bobby's proposed ordinance came on Tuesday evening, February 6th. In the presence of a packed City Council Chamber, including long-time advocates of Anti-Secrecy in Government ordinances and supporters of Bobby Seale, Mayor John Reading and members of the City Council were clearly nervous and apprehensive. When Brother Bobby

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was called before the Council, he said:

"Mayor John Reading and all the other City Councilmen received a letter from me … I could answer any questions you want. I think it's very obvious that everyone in this room -- people in the community -- are ready to move to start cleaning up this government… I stand with that, and I've stood with that a long time … I have nothing else to say. I urge you to go forth immediately and join me to make this an ordinance to stop any secret meetings!"

Also present was Mr. Harold Treskunoff, Chairman of the Citizens Committee for Freedom of Information -- a knowledgeable and strong opponent of secret government. Mr. Treskunoff was instrumental in the success of an anti-secrecy ordinance in the neighboring city of San Francisco.

Addressing the Council, Mr. Treskunoff said: "… The City Attorney of San Francisco, the City Attorney of Oakland and incidently, the County Counsel of Marin County, personally and professionally … want to deny the people their right to know what their government is doing."

The Oakland City Council voted to consider for adoption the Anti-Secrecy in Government ordinance submitted by Bobby Seale.

In regards to Bobby's actions, Reading said: "You know Mr. Seale, I have to congratulate you; that's a very astute political move. No matter which way the Council moves, you're still a hero. If we reject it, then we're not responsive; if we accept it, then we've acceeded to your demand. So, you wind up the winner and we wind up the loser.

Bobby simply leaned over the speaker's podium, and replied, "The people wind up the winner, Mayor Reading -- the people!"

ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE

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EXCUSES FOR THE DEATH OF O.E.O.

Howard Phillips, a founder of the "Young Americans for Freedom", a reactionary John Birch Society support group, is the man Nixon has chosen to oversee the closing of the Office of Economic Opportunity (O.E.O.). Phillips claims that OEO was founded on what he calls "a Marxist notion". Last week he said, "It's based on the wrong notion that the poor should be treated as a class apart… that's a Marxist notion."

This is not a Marxist notion and certainly OEO is not Marxist. But whether or not it is, is hardly relevant to the thousands of poor people who benefitted in some minor, token way from it. This OEO/Marxism theory is Nixon's propaganda technique to cover his callous treatment of poor people and justify OEO's closure.

Phillips criticized OEO's legal services program as having become a vehicle for gaining "political ends", saying that "Many of the lawyers in legal services think it's their job to change laws and social values". He does not understand or care that it is these lawyers who are right. If poor and oppressed people are ever to be

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free, then laws, social values and society will surely have to be transformed; it's the whole peoples' responsibility to do this, including lawyers.

The statistics clearly prove that OEO should not be discontinued, but expanded and turned over to the people's community control. On a national average, 55.3% of all Black people make less than $7,000 a year. In New York City, half of all Black children under 5 years old are supported by welfare. In the San Francisco Bay Area, inflation is up 3.9%. Across the country Black people own less than 1.2% of the wealth of the nation and Black businessmen make less than 1% of the total gross of the nation's businessmen.

Investigation reveals that the most important programs OEO initiated are the ones that are the first to be cut: Model Cities, hospital construction, public employment, community action and public library programs. Figures also reveal Black and poor children to have far lower enrollment rates in college than their percentages in the general population would indicate should be.

Nixon hopes that by instituting "revenue sharing" he can phase out OEO and other poverty agencies without anyone noticing. Black leaders all recognize this move for what it is and are reassured that Nixon's unconcern for us and his racist sentiments are still manifested in this country's policies.

Nixon's program of "benign neglect" is gaining momentum. It's the people's power that can reverse this dangerous trend.

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ANTI-SECRECY PLANS STALLED

Oakland City Council, goaded by Mayor John Reading, acted to delay enactment of Bobby Seale's Anti-Secrecy in Government ordinance on Thursday. Questions of interpretations were raised which resulted in the decision to await staff reports on the draft before setting a date for Council action. The move may well backfire on Mayor Reading. (See Editorial, page 2.)

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CINDY SMALLWOOD -- A SHORT AND DEDICATED LIFE

At the age of 17, Cynthia Smallwood joined the Black Panther Party. She had just completed high school when she became interested in working full time in the programs of the Black Panther Party.

She first began working in the Liberation School in San Francisco. This school was established in 1970, to teach young Black children about their history and their role in the present day world. Before she joined the Black Panther Party, when she was in high school, Cindy tutored young children.

Cindy later began to work with the Samuel Napier Intercommunal Youth Institute in Oakland. Sam Napier was the Circulation/Distribution Manager of the Black Panther Intercommunal News Service at the time he was murdered in New York in 1970, by agents of the U.S. government.

Cynthia was always a very sincere and efficient worker. Anything that she did was done with quiet enthusiasm and great love.

She began to work with the brothers and sisters who are responsible for the distribution of our paper in 1971. She was responsible for getting many of the subscriptions out and remained steadfast in her commitment to our readers, to get their papers into the mail on time.

"Circulate to Educate" was not rhetoric to Cindy Smallwood. She believed that the Black Panther intercommunal News Service is the best newspaper, consistently providing progressive news of poor and oppressed people. She helped to circulate our paper with that idea in mind.

On February 4th, while driving from Richmond, California, to Oakland, Cindy ran into an embankment. She was thrown out of the passenger van she was driving and was critically injured. After arriving at Herrick Hospital, in Berkeley, she was diagnosed to have massive head and chest injuries. The damage to her brain was extensive.

On February 7th, at 5 p.m., Cindy was pronounced dead.

Her death, however, does not stop the work she was doing. It will continue; our circulation will increase, not decrease. For those who knew Cindy it is easy to see that we can not mourn the end of her life, for she lives on in every copy of the newspaper distributed across the country.

Recently Cindy's family established a Scholarship and Memorial Fund for Cindy Smallwood. The money will go toward tutoring young Black children. We hope that you will contribute what you can to the fund. It is the type of educational opportunity Cindy would love to have offered to our youth.

You may send contributions for the Scholarship and Memorial Fund to: 444 Santa Barbara Avenue, Daly City, California, 94014. In this way, Cynthia Smallwood will never be forgotten, the ideas that she lived for will be passed on in the children who receive the benefits of this fund.

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WITH A SMILE LIKE SUNSHINE…

By Ericka
We all know a gentle woman

with a smile like sunshine,

a voice like springtime rain;

we know a woman who worked

and gave her life to our people.
Her name was not in lights,

she was a star only to those who

loved her.
She became a part of our lives, so

much so that we were sure she

would never leave us, so solidly

was her life bound to ours.
Today, we must not mourn the end

of her life, we must celebrate because

she lived and laughed and

loved, because she gave all of

her energies to help obtain the

freedom we should have by right

of our birth…
We must celebrate her life -

she lives on in the idea of liberation

from all suffering.
When roses bloom we will

see her,

when music plays we will

hear her,

when children laugh we will feel

that she is near.
We can not bring her back to

us as she once was,

we have no control over that.
So - what she did not complete

we can -

as she would have touched

another human being's life

we can in our own way.
We can not remember her in

abstract from the things she

struggled for. Those things were

peace and freedom for us all.
We must learn from her life

and understand the meaning of our

own -- life is so short and each

living thing is so precious -

She is precious,
The gentle woman with a

smile like sunshine

-- CINDY

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A FAREWELL TO CINDY

(Daly City, California) - In service to the people we attain immortality. This was the theme of the beautifully solemn, quietly dignified service last Friday at which Cynthia "Cindy" Smallwood's family, comrades and friends bade her farewell.

Grace Presbyterian Church was packed with those who knew and loved Cindy, over all or some part of her short but dedicated life. In scripture, eulogy, poem and sermon, the congregation was assured that Cindy lives in the deeds and in the hearts of those who, like Cindy, fulfill their commitment of service to the oppressed of humankind.

A uniformed group of Cindy's comrades from the Black Panther Party filled the choir pews at the front of the church. They were a mute reminder to all those assembled of Cindy's three year membership in the Black Panther Party. The brothers to the right of the alter wore blue, open collar shirts, black trousers and black shoes. The sisters to the left of the alter wore all black, without jewelry or makeup.

A large wreath of yellow carnations and roses, among the many that stood beside the oak casket at the front of the church, bore a streamer marked

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"Black Panther Party". Amongthose present were Oakland community activists, Bobby Seale and Elaine Brown, members of the Black Panther Party.

The Rev. Howard Bryant of Elmhurst Presbyterian Church in Oakland, officiating minister, opened the service with a reading from the Scripture and a prayer. An interlude of organ music was followed by acknowledgement of the many messages of condolences in the name of the family.

Cindy's obituary was read by Sister Ericka Huggins. She followed the reading with the recitation of a poem she had written especially for this occasion. Rev. Bryant's eulogy ended the brief service.

Members of the family, including Mrs. Cathy Smallwood, Cindy's mother; Gail Smallwood Anthony, her sister; Mrs. Lela Junior and Mrs. Ada Smallwood, her grandmothers, were an example to the assembled congregation of restraint and controlled tribute to Cindy, in the midst of their great grief.

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ALAMEDA STUDENTS WELCOME BOBBY SEALE: READING SNUBS STUDENT VOTE

The two major candidates for Mayor of Oakland, Bobby Seale and the incumbent, Mayor John Reading, made it clear during the past week who each would serve if elected. While Bobby Seale continued his whirlwind contact with the community, Mayor Reading, already known to be a proponent of big business, showed his complete lack of concern for the Black and poor people of Oakland by arrogantly insulting the students of Alameda College.

Reading spoke on February 5th to a group of less than one hundred Black, Mexican-American, and young white students in the student union of the small community college. The hall was decorated with the now familiar black and green bumper stickers and posters of Bobby Seale and Elaine Brown. He told the students that he came to present "the opposite side of the political picture".

Throughout his speech and the question- and-answer period that followed, he was on the opposite side of the people's political picture. His statements concerning the city, the election and Bobby Seale drew wave upon wave of questions from the indignant students. When asked about how the unemployment rate has risen since he has been in office, he blatantly denied its existence though the students confronted him with the exact statistics.

Reading admitted to the students that Bobby Seale was his major opponent. When asked why, he stated, "I think he has, at this point, the major amount of support." The students, enthusiastic that they were getting a chance to question the man who had mis-represented them for so long, asked him why he felt Bobby Seale had "the major amount of support". "I don't know why", Reading answered. "Most people believe in Seale, that's all."

Becoming angry, when searching questions exposed his attempt to deceive the alert students, he told them, "I didn't come over to gain votes… I don't give a damn whether you vote for me or not. I'm sorry I didn't make that clear when I walked in here." (These words were recorded on tape by this reporter, and can be fully substantiated.)

The situation was quite different the next day when Bobby Seale spoke to over 400 exicited students at Alameda High School. The students were cordial and very eager to learn about the campaign. After hearing Bobby explain how a people's political machine was being organized around the campaign, the students bombarded him with questions. Many took notes for future reference and for discussion in class. Later in the week, at the grand opening of the West Oakland Campaign Office at Market and 21st Streets, on Saturday, Bobby and Elaine thoroughly enjoyed being with the people. Those present seemed to exhibit a special type of warmth toward the candidates -- giving them the "soul" handshake, embracing them, whispering suggestions and words of encouragement in their ears. Despite pouring rain, the office was crowded to capacity. While everyone feasted on a delicious meal of chicken and potato salad, a local band played, and the people swayed with the rhythm. Bobby and Elaine spoke briefly to the people, thanking them for coming out and telling how their work in the campaign was the force that would make the Mayor and City Council seats the people's seats. To the accompaniment of the song "Changes", the singer predicted the future of the city when he sang, "There are really going

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to be some changes when Bobby Seale becomes Mayor."

More dedicated workers became voter registrars at a class held on Thursday at St. Augustine's Espiscopal Church in West Oakland. The voter registrar's class (which is held every Thursday night) was attended by Blacks, whites and Mexican-Americans. After everyone present was sworn in as a deputy registrar of Alameda County, Bobby and Elaine spoke. Elaine told of the progress that had been made in the Voter Registration drive. Bobby explained different methods that are being used to achieve the goal of registering over 50,000 people to vote within this month. The announcements on the radio, he said, would greatly increase registration. He announced that anyone in Oakland who wants to register to vote should call the Community Committee for Greater Voter Registration at 536-4332; someone would come to their home and register them.

On Saturday evening, Bobby and Elaine spoke to a group of residents of Palo Alto, a small city near Oakland. Both Blacks and whites had come to Mount Olive Church to gain a clearer understanding of the campaign in Oakland. The people's candidates stressed how the election in Oakland will have a great political impact all over the country. The singing of the campaign song. "This Little Light of Mine", exemplified that special unity of Bobby and Elaine with the people -- united in song, united in spirit, united in struggle.

The People Will Win In '73

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BLACK VOTER REGISTRAR ARRESTED

Brother Glynn Wheeler, a Deputy Registrar of Alameda County, was arrested last Wednesday at Swan's supermarket in Oakland, while registering Oakland citizens to vote in the upcoming April 17th municipal elections.

In a clear act of harassment, intimidation and interference in the right of citizens to participate in voter registration, Swan security guards and Oakland Police Department officers stopped Brother Wheeler from registering citizens, took him into custody and booked him on charges of "disturbing the peace".

At a press conference, called by the Community Committee for Greater Voter Registration following the arrest, a spokesman declared: "The Voter Registration Drive to register over 50,000 people to vote in the Oakland city elections in a one-month period is now being stifled by the Oakland Police Department, Mayor Reading, Chief Gain and others in an effort to stop Black, Mexican-American and young white people from being registered.

"They want to make the Campaign to Elect Bobby Seale and Elaine Brown to City Offices a crucial issue of constitutional rights for the people.

"Glynn Wheeler, a sworn Deputy Registrar of Alameda County was arrested on false charges of disturbing the peace. Peace only comes about when the citizens and potential voters of Oakland make peace. It can begin to be brought about by this very right, the right of all citizens to become registered voters."

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PHILADELPHIA SCHOOL STRIKE: BLACK COMMUNITY SCORES BOTH CITY AND TEACHERS

(Philadelphia) - The long and increasingly heated Philadelphia school strike reached a new phase last week with the jailing of two high - ranking Teacher Union officials, court imposed fines and the threat of a multi-union, city-wide strike which would essentially drag this city to a grinding halt. In the Black community of Philadelphia, dissatisfaction with the course and slowness of the negotiations is beginning to reach a head.

On Friday, Feb. 9th, Frank Sullivan, president of the Philadelphia Teachers Union and John Ryan, the union's chief negotiator, drew 6 months to 4 year jail sentences for their participation in the strike. Sullivan drew and additional $5,000 fine for not ordering the striking teachers, now in their 6th week out of work, back into the schools.

The Philadelphia Teachers Union itself drew $160,000 fine and faces an imposed $10,000 fine each day the strike continues. Twenty-one of the minor union officials were also charged with violating the court injunctions against the strike. They face formal sentencing this week.

Another major development last week was the threatened city-wide strike of all the unions within Philadelphia, announced by Edward Toohey, president of the local AFL-CIO. The strike, Toohey said, would be in sympathy with the teachers and would be directed as a protest against the do-nothing/ know-nothing policies of the Mayor Rizzo city administration.

Meanwhile, two-thirds of the school system's Black student enrollment continue to go to school -- without teachers -- following a court order that the teachers stop picketing. While many schools in white communities have been totally closed, most within the Black community have remained open; with substitute teachers attempting to fulfill stop-gap roles and failing miserably.

Perhaps the sentiments within the Black community were most clear and best expressed in a widely distributed leaflet written by the mostly-Black, Committee For A Unified Philadelphia. Excerpts from this leaflet speak of the strike in words of frustration and rage: "There is no reason to believe that things will get better after the strike, since a quality education was not a part of the Teacher Union demands.

"Even though the Black community is most affected by the strike we are taking no part in the negotiations. Thus when a settlement is reached, there is no reason to believe that we, as a community, will benefit. We blame both sides for not coming together to solve this problem."

The leaflet ends with a question facing all Black communities:

"How long are we going to sir back and let other people play games with our children's lives?"

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SAN DIEGO: H.S. TEACHER TRANSFERS SPARK DEMONSTRATIONS

(San Diego, calif.) - Students at Morse High School and their supporters in this southern California city last week staged a demonstration against the transfer of 2 Third World teachers from their school. This demonstration resulted in the jailing and brutal beating of two of the nonviolent demonstrators, both college students and Vietnam vets, by the San Diego Police Department's Task Force Division.

The two brothers, Christopher Ponaby and Edward Mayfield, were there to support the students just demands, particularly that the two Third World instructors, Melicent Richardson and Shizuko Asakawa, be retained as teachers at the school. The school board is planning to cut the number of teachers at Morse High School.

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Brothers Donaby and Mayfield together served a total of 5 tours of duty in Vietnam and 14 years in the services; Donaby in the Navy and Mayfield in the Marines. Upon returning to the U.S. these two brothers decided to dedicate themselves to their people's freedom.

Brother Mayfield is the coordinator of "Freedom Fighters" and Brother Donaby is the Screening Director of Operation: "Save the Babies", a Sickle Cell testing program that they sponsor. "Freedom Fighters" is a group of Black college students in the San Diego area who study and teach Black history, English, Math, Reading, Judo and Karate as well as provide free Sickle Cell Anemia testing throughout the community.

The charges leveled against these brothers are resisting arrest, loitering, assaulting a police officer and conspiracy. The treatment they received is ironic considering their records of service to this country. Black Vietnam veterans, such as Brother Mayfield, who was in the Marines 11 years and was wounded three times in Vietnam, are repayed by unemployment, scarce and indecent housing conditions and general mistreatment.

In addition to his work with the "Freedom Fighters", Mayfield is State President of the California Community College Student Government Association; Donaby is a Committee Chairman in the Black Student Council. They are students at the San Diego City College.

The demands of the Black High School students are listed under the heading "Revolution Toward a Free Education". They are: (1) We demand to participate in the decision making of the qualifications of the faculty. (2) We demand adequate counselors about the problems of Third World students. (3) We demand bilingual counselors. (4) We demand students be judged by peers in the case of student suspension. (5) We demand the classroom bring in speakers, films and books that will educationally benefit Third World students. (6) We demand the right to enroll in Independent Studies courses regardless of I.Q. or GPA. (7) We demand no actions be taken against students for participating in the demonstration.

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PEOPLE'S PERSPECTIVE

HOSPITALS MAY CLOSE

An American Hospital Association (AHA) official said recently that proposed action by Nixon will cause hospitals around the country to close their doors. AHA president John McMahon said Nixon's budget proposals affecting hospitals will cause an erosion of the hospital's ability to meet the health needs of the community. In the Black community this could mean no hospitals at all.

RACE WAR COMING?

Dr. Alvin F. Poussaint, professor of Psychiatry at Harvard University and Dr. William H. Grier, assistant professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, both Black, warned last week that mounting frustration in the ghettos and a growing white backlash are building up to the explosion point and may turn into a "long-term American war". Both said the major priority to stemming this rage and frustration is employment.

CHILE'S RICH TO PAY

Chile's president Salvador Allende has announced that his government will seek a drastic overhaul of the tax system so that richer Chileans will pay more to help the working class. President Allende proposed a "single compensation fund" for workers to compensate for Chile's high rate of inflation.

U.S. POISONS FOR AFRICA

A significant amount of the chemical sprays used by Portuguese and South African forces to poison the crops of Black Africans are coming from the U.S. According to the Commerce Department, figures recently disclosed that 5 million pounds of herbicides were sold to South Africa and Portugal in the first six months of 1972. These deadly chemicals were sold by the U.S. for nearly $1 million.

CARRIBEAN LANDING

Liberation fighters landed in the Dominican Republic and engaged government forces in intense fighting last week. Dictator Joaquin Balaguer used the occasion to close public schools, universities and radio stations. Arrest warrants were issued for former president Juan Bosch and Jose Gomez who are being blamed for the outbreak of fighting.

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JUAN CORONA GETS LIFE -- 25 TIMES

(Fairfield, calif.) - Last Wednesday, in Fairfield, California, Superior Court Judge Richard Patton, after denying a motion for a new trial, sentenced Juan Corona to 25 consecutive life terms and sent defense attorney Richard Hawk to jail for 54 days for contempt of cour. Juan Coorona had been convicted on January 18th of killing 25 migrant farmworkers. The 25 life sentences are the longest ever issued in the history of America's despicable judicial system.

Judge Patton conveniently allowed prosecutors Dave Teja and Bart Williams to remain free of jail while they appeal their contempt citations. Hawk was released a day later by order of the State Court of Appeals.

Over 500 Mexican-American and other supporters demonstrated outside the courthouse while Richard Hawk argued for a new trial for Brother Corona. The defense attorney based the motion on grounds that a sheriff's matron had tampered with the jury.

Mrs. Naomi Underwood, who deadlocked the jury for four days, stated after the trial that a matron, Georgia Wallis, had discussed the case with her before the verdict was delivered. Testimony was heard from the juror and the matron during the hearing. Patton admitted that Mrs. Wallis' testimony was "contradictory", "evasive" and "uncertain", and rejected the new trial motion, saying he wasn't convinced that Mrs. Underwood was telling the truth.

Immediately after the sentence was announced a guard led Juan Corona from the courtroom without even allowing him to speak to his family. The judge then continued to read the contempt charges against defense attorney Hawk. Earlier, Richard Hawk had been arrested on ancient traffic warrants which Sutter County officials had ignored until they discovered that he was defending Juan Corona.

Judge Patton however became benevolent in the contempt cases against the two prosecutors. He dismissed one charge against D.A. Dave Teja and postponed, until April 9th, the proceedings on the other charges against Teja and Assistant D.A. Bart Williams.

Juan Corona's brothers, Pedro and Felix, addressed the crowd outside the courthouse. They urged the supporters of Juan Corona to remain calm despite the injustice that was occuring inside the courthouse.

Immediately after being released, Richard Hawk served notice that he would appeal Juan Corona's conviction. Speaking about the case, he termed Judge Patton's actions vindictive and childish. These adjectives also accurately reflect the attitude of the California hierarchy towards Juan Corona. His fate now lies in the hands of the people.

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DON'T SHOP AT MAYFAIR

The North Oakland Black community continues its boycott of the Mayfair supermarket at Telegraph Avenue and 57th Street. This store is responsible for the unjust arrest of Sister Bobbie Johnson and four of her twelve children. Last week, the charges were dropped against the youngest of the four, 15 year old Arnold, around whom the present controversy originally developed.

In court, Arnold plead guilty to the shoplifting charge in return for the court's dismissal of the phony assault charges. The judge released Arnold without any punishment because of his "clean" record, and because of the pressure the Black community had exerted in his defense.

The police now claim that it was security guard Ronald Hardwick who made the "citizen's arrest". Mrs. Johnson insists that it was actually officer Brombach of the Oakland Police Department. In this new move the police are attempting to reduce their vulnerability to being charged with false arrest.

Mrs. Johnson, and her sons Andre, Samuel and Charles are scheduled to appear in court on February 15th. Mrs. Johnson was arrested after she inquired about the detention of Arnold by the security guard at the store. Mrs. Johnson was verbally assaulted by the guards who called her a "big Black bitch". When her sons protested this mistreatment, Samuel was hit across the face with a nightstick by the security guard. The Oakland Police Department arrested Sister Johnson and her four children and charged them with assault.

Upon learning of Mrs. Johnson's and her son's arrest, the people of her community in North Oakland immediately set up a picket line in front of Mayfair. Led by Sister Vera Means Silverman, the community demands that all charges against Mrs. Johnson and her children be dropped.

Mayfair is an Arden corporationowned chain store that has consistently shown its complete disregard for the rights, health, dignity and well being of its poor and Black customers. This is evident in everything from its exploitatively high prices to its discriminatory hiring practices.

The Black Panther Party has announced its support for the struggle to make Mayfair responsive to the needs and desires of the community.

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DELLUMS JOINS ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE

The appointment of Congressman Ronald V. Dellums (D. calif.) to the House Armed Services Committee assumes great importance with the prospect of the return of Vietnam veterans, particularly Black veterans. It is also important in the context of recent evidence of the existence of blatant racism in branches of the Armed Forces.

New reports of racial clashes, particularly on board ships of the U.S. Navy and at U.S. Army bases overseas, are mounting. Congressman Dellums' presence on this Committee places him in a position to keep abreast of such developments and to keep his constituents and friends informed of what is being done or not

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being done on them in Washington.

In service racial clashes and the returning veterans are highly related issues. There is a very high percentage of less-than-honorable discharges given Black veterans accused of "violations" which actually result from their struggle against service racism. This in turn creates numerous problems of job placement, veteran benefits and general readjustment for them.

In a statement following his confirmation, Congressman Dellums singled out issues on which he will be focusing his attention. They included: "questions regarding GI rights and racism in the military".

Dellums' appointment to the House Armed Services Committee also places this strong critic of the shameful U.S. involvement in Vietnam in a position to help prevent similar commitments in the future by this country.

We will be watching closely Congressman Dellums' activities and are hopeful they will be nothing less than honorable.

-- 8 --

CHARLES BURSEY STABBED VACAVILLE PRISON

(Vacaville) - In the continuing war waged by guards and their henchmen inside Vacaville Prison against that militant, politically conscious, vanguard group of courageous brothers and their friends spearheading the fight for prisoners' rights, Charles Bursey, Black Panther Party member, was viciously stabbed by Steven Clark, on Friday, Feb. 9th.

The attack occurred at about 1:30 p.m. in front of an unoccupied guard but. BPINS sources inside Vacaville said this particular guard hut was usually occupied, pointing up the probable complicity of Vacaville authorities in the attack.

The attack resulted in a three-quarter inch puncture wound in Brother Bursey's mid-back region, inflicted with either an ice pick or a screwdriver. Earlier reports said that following the attack Clark attempted to kill himself by slashing his wrists. Later reports said the attacker attempted to slash his arms, but not his wrists.

Charles Bursey was only last week unjustly denied parole for the third time.

As word of the attack sped through the maximum security prison tensions rose and Black anger was only held in check by the disciplined behavior of Brother Bursey's comrades, and particularly Brother David Hilliard, well-known member of the Black Panther Party.

In sharp contrast to the efforts of the prison authorities who fanned rumors of racial clashes and attempted to provoke prisoners into attacking one another, Brother David Hilliard led an organized effort among Black prisoners to calm tempers and direct their anger into constructive attempts to secure justice for Charles Bursey and all the incarcerated oppressed.

Vacaville prisoners are urging that the white man Clark, be tried in a court of law outside the confines of Vacaville. They insist that disciplinary action by prison authorities will only result in a white-washing and will do nothing to bring an end to the atmosphere of intimidation, harassment, violence and murder that fills this and other prisons.

We urge our readers to write to the Warden, Vacaville Medical Facility, Vacaville, California, demanding a public trial for Clark and justice for Charles Bursey and all political prisoners.

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B.C.A. WRITES BOBBY SEALE

The following letter is in response to the denial of Bobby Seale's request to visit Vacaville Medical Facility.

Dear Brother Bobby,

The Black Culture Association sends you it's greetings and it's thanks for your efforts to come to Vacaville and address the brothers here.

We salute the Black Panther Party for its work in vanguarding the People's struggle for liberation, for it's work in the community and it's interest in helping brothers who are incarcerated.

When we look at the monumental tasks that you and the members of the Party have challenged and overcome, it gives many of us not only the strength to endure all that goes on in these pits of inhumanity, but strength to also follow the paths of other revolutionaries.

The Black Culture Association is young, and growing, and we have not yet reached the full height of political awareness, but we are striving, for our oppressed conditions are made manifest to us everyday. We are chained, yet we continue to struggle. We believe that the people will be free.

"YOURS WITH THE UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS REALLY MEANT BY, RIGHT ON BROTHER, RIGHTON"

Cecil Moody, Chairman Black Culture Association, Inc.

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PRISONER'S MAIL RIGHTS UPHELD

(San Francisco) -Prison regulations permitting broad censorship of prisoners' mail in California were called unconstitutional by a three-judge federal panel last week. The panel gave the California Department of Corrections until March 1st to produce new regulations meeting its approval.

The Corrections Department was also ordered to remove some of the restrictions on prisoner-attorney interviews. Those restrictions required legal investigators to be either licensed by the state or attorneys.

Mail censorship rules that the panel held to limit prisoners' freedom of expression were: "inmates are not to agitate, unduly complain, magnify grievances, or behave in any way which might lead to violence", "…. and writing … expressing inflammatory, political, racial, religious or other views or beliefs … which if circulated among other inmates would in the judgement of the warden … tend to subvert prison order…", "inmates may not send or receive letters that pertain to criminal activity, or lewd, obscene or defamatory …"

Violations of censorship regulations by prisoners have in the past resulted in suspension of mail privileges and other forms of "disciplinary" action. The threat of disciplinary action has been a widely used means of harassment of prisoners.

The panel also acknowledged that law students or full time employees of attorneys should be permitted access to prisoners for investigative purposes, striking down regulations that had previously barred such personnel.

The action that initiated the fight for First Amendment rights for prisoners was launched in 1971, by San Quentin prisoners, Brother Wayne Earley of Alameda County and Robert Martinez, of Los Angeles, a Mexican-American. They were represented by William Turner and Alice Daniel of the NAACP and Mario Obledo of the Mexican-American Legal Defense and Educational Fund.

The fight is not over, however. Every effort must be made to guarantee

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that new regulations fully safeguard the First Amendment rights of prisoners. The Department of Corrections of California has the responsibility of now producing such regulations. They will only do so if a concerted effort is made to keep a watchdog eye on proposed regulations to replace those struck down by the federal panel.

Our incarcerated brothers and sisters inside the racist prisons of this country are daily waging the fight for protection of those rights that belong to all of us. Those of us on the outside must do our duty in protecting those rights that will make their enormous tasks less difficult.

-- 9 --

INTERCOMMUNAL NEWS: ZAMBIA IGNORES RHODESIA BORDER OPENING

In a surprise move, both in direct effects and future political consequences, Zambia announced last week that it will keep its border closed with Rhodesia -- despite Rhodesian announcements that the 400 mile border would be reopened.

The move, announced by Zambian President Kenneth Kuanda, in a press conference in the capital city of Lusaka, strengthens confidence among Zambians that the original Rhodesian blockage has been successfully beaten.

The current situation is an outgrowth of an ill-devised economic scheme racist Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith sought to impose upon Zambia. Last month, claiming that Zambia harbored and sheltered Black freedom fighters who had engaged Rhodesian police in a number of armed guerrilla attacks, Smith ordered the border between the two countries closed for the first time in history (See Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, February 3, 1973 issue). Last week Smith conceded, "History may prove it was the wrong decision."

And an expensive decision too. Rhodesia now loses the $25 million a year that Zambian copper shipments brought to that country's money-losing railroad. Zambia, mostly through the use of the partially completed Tan-Zam Railway into Tanzania and partially through the Benguela Railroad in Angola, immediately proved that the Rhodesian blockade was doomed to failure.

Both these alternative routes will take Zambian copper exports, which provide 95% of Zambia's foreign exchange, to the coastal ports for world-wide distribution. Zambia's imports will all enter the land-locked country via Tanzania; thus strengthening the economics of both countries, and their political ties as well.

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Smith, realizing his blunder, soon tried to clear things up. On Saturday, February 3rd, his apartheid (strict seperation of the races) government announced that they are "now satisfied that their objectives in closing the border had been achieved." It mentioned that "messages had been received." Obviously the messages were not from Zambia, which made its announcement of the border closing the next day.

In other developments, the Zambia delegation at the United Nations, meeting in New York, called for a reinforcement of the economic sanctions the U.N. imposed upon Rhodesian exports in 1966, when Smith's racist regime illegally declared independence. Progressive counries throughout the world applauded when the Security Council adopted a resolution calling on Britain to end Rhodesia's "economic blockade, blackmail and military threats" against Zambia. The United Nations also sent out a four-member commission to aid Zambia in developing alternative trade routes.

The Rhodesian scheme failed so badly that even the white supremacy government in South Africa was forced to comment, "Mr. Smith should realize that the obligation to his friends down south is to find solutions to his existing problems, not create new ones."

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JORDAN GETS MORE U.S. JETS

(Washington, D.C.) - The U.S. government told Jordan's King Hussein last week during his visit here, that he will get 30 supersonic intercepter F-5E jet fighters. What else in the way of military hardware that is in store for the traitor King was not revealed.

Israeli Premier Golda Meir is scheduled for a visit to Washington soon. Then we'll see what Nixon promises to this leader of the intruder, puppet "state" of Israel.

Nixon's scheme for the Middle East is all of one piece: arm Arabs to fight Jews, arm Jews to fight Arabs, arm Arabs to fight Arabs- arm anybody who is willing to accept arms, in order to prevent a just and lasting peace in the Middle East.

Only under the circumstance of an armed to the teeth, tension-ridden Middle East, can U.S. and British oil monopolies hold on to and expand their control over that sea of petroleum on which the Arab countries float. "Keep the Arabs preoccupied with war and rumors of war so they won't have the time, energy or the means to get down to the real business at hand of securing control of their vitally important natural resource."

This is what the Middle East "crisis" is all about. This is what Israel is all about. King Hussein's visit to Washington plays into the hands of this scheme. Arms he had previously received from the U.S. and Britain were used by him to slaughter Palestinian guerrillas, their families and their homes.

It is no accident that nowhere in the reports of King Hussein's talks in Washington is there mention of the Palestinian people's struggle for return to their homeland; for a dismantling of the Zionist, racist "state" of Israel; for the creation of a multicultural Palestinian state in which Arabs, Jews and Christians live in equality and harmony as one Palestinian people.

It is the Palestinian people -- together with the Arab masses and progressive Jewish masses -- who will ultimately determine the course of events in the Middle East; not King Hussein or Washington, D.C.

-- 9 --

STRIKING BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN WORKERS BRUTALIZED

On Wednesday, February 7th, baton-weilding Durban white South African riot policemen attacked a peaceful demonstration of over 16, 000 Black Africans, unarmed workers, who are striking in demand for wage increases and better work conditions. 150 workers were known to be arrested while no figures have been released on the number of Africans injured or hospitalized.

This unprovoked police attack, though not without precedent in this thoroughly backwards country, came unexpectedly upon the African people who called the demonstration after week-long strikes had closed over 50 factories and enterprises in the east coast port town of Durban.

Although no shots were reported fired, the sheer visciousness of the police attack reminded many of the Sharpville Massacre of 1960, in which 68 Black people were ruthlessly murdered and nearly 200 were wounded when South African police opened fire on an African demonstration protesting the use of I.D. cards.

-- 14 --

The causes of the strikes which rocked Durban last week are obvious upon investigation. A wages and productivity survey undertaken last year showed that 80 percent of all Black workers in white industries were being paid well-below the government's designated poverty line. While the poverty line figure changes from area to area, it is generally calculated at about $120 monthly for a family of five. The situation in Durban is therefore more than understandable. Recently released figures revealed that many of the African workes are receiving only $60 per month, less than 1/2 the poverty level figure.

The situation is so bad, and the striking workers so insistent that the South African Minister of Labor, Marai Vilioen, announced legislation which would encourage the use of work committees as vehicles for African-employer negotiations. This would be a concession for the government to make; it would be a major victory for the African people.

Despite the zeal and enthusiasm displayed by the striking workers, many of whom are members of the Zulu nation, European and white American press grossly exaggerated a so-called "rampage" by the Africans through the Durban city center. Such racist concoctions and fantasies only serve to justify the brutality of the white South African police and the entire inhumane system of apartheid practiced by the South African government.

-- 10 --

“IS THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY SUICIDAL?”

BY J. HERMAN BLAKE

The following article, Part I, was written by Dr. J. Herman Blake, noted social scientist and Acting Provost at the University of California, Santa Cruz campus. In it, Brother Blake describes what he terms a "committed scholar".

Although this article begins as a commentary on an article entitled, The Man and the Panthers, by Betty Lou and Charles A. Valentine, it is much more. (Both articles appeared in the journal, Politics and Society Spring 1972, published by Columbia University.) Dr. Blake acknowledges the importance of an unbiased, scientific approach to the study of oppressed communities, which most white social scientists fail to achieve; and then goes on to a meaningful in depth analysis of the concept of revolutionary suicide as it is put forward by Huey P. Newton of the Black Panther Party. Part I of the article follows.

The Valentines have written an unusually fine and perceptive paper on the Black Panther Party, an organization which has received considerable public attention but which very few scholars or journalists know intimately. In so doing they have strengthened the foundation upon which their writing is based, a scholarly foundation, but one which is not locked into a framework of analysis which makes it impossible for them to deal creatively with data or findings which do not fit into their preconceived expectations. Unfortunately there are far too few social scientists who are willing to be as open to new understanding as the Valentines.

One of the most important contributions of the paper is the way in which it carefully reveals the self-serving nature of most social theory. This theme is central to the paper and it seems to me that it is a central problem of the social sciences today. Many social scientist have approached analysis of poverty programs and low-income communities with theoretical constructs which violate the integrity of the reality studied. Rather than letting reality structure our theory, we too often choose to let the theory structure the reality we perceive. As a consequence anything that does not fit into the theory gets explained away or discounted as being unimportant.

For this reason our theories often continue to support our own narrow ideological bases, even in the face of contrary data. Therefore contemporary social theory tends to bulwark the status quo and it is unable to provide penetrating or valid insights into a group which stands apart from the society and says it will no longer be a cog but will help to build upon and transform the old into a new society which has a new set of values.

The Valentines establish this point early in their paper when they write:

Much of this material has the double effect of concealing or distorting major realities of Black communities while at the same time rationalizing or otherwise supporting the oppressive status quo in our society. Most writers who deal with the Afro-American condition become witting or unwitting collaborators with "the man" because they fail to examine critically the largely middle-class Euro-American assumptions, experiences, and values which guided their perceptions and interpretations.

This statement struck me very forcefully. In my judgement social scientists become like the oppressors of the poor because they fail to understand their own assumptions while at the same time operating with the myth of objectivity.

Another statement which made considerable impression came at the end of the paper when the Valentines say: Perhaps the answers to all these questions lie in the functions that such labeling may have for non-Black Americans and for those who oppose revolutionary change. If Afro-Americans are regarded as self-destructive, it is easier to believe they have brought their problems and their plight upon themselves.

Those of us who wish to understand the actions of radical and revolutionary groups must first of all understand how their behavior makes sense to them. If we refuse to do so, then it is clear that we will never understand the phenomena; our theorizing may make sense to us, may be very logical and rational, but it will be wholly irrelevant.

Current conditions and sentiments in oppressed communities in the United States make such communities unavailable to research by traditional scholars. One must not approach these communities as the participant observer, not even as the involved observer that Kenneth Clark illustrates in the introduction to Dark Ghetto. Scholars who wish to become involved in oppressed communities and "study" them, first will have to make a commitment to the goals and activities of the groups they study and then be ready to suffer the consequences of such a commitment.

TO BE CONTINUED NEXT WEEK

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PEOPLE'S PETITION

FOR IMMEDIATE PAROLE OF BROTHER DAVID HILLIARD FROM THE CALIFORNIA PRISON SYSTEM OR AN APPEAL BAIL BOND WITH A RETRIAL JURY OF HIS PEER-GROUP.

We the people, residents of the world community, in the spirit of revolutionary intercommunalism, do hereby redress our grievances and petition the courts of America and the California State Government and Parole Board: That David Hilliard be released from his prison incarceration in the California Penal System to the people of our communities on parole or an appeal bail bond.

Brother David Hilliard, political prisoner and a member of the Black Panther Party, was in fact wrongfully convicted on false charges by a predominately white racist jury, as all members of the Oakland Black community were systematically eliminated from the jury selection process in his trial.

In light of these facts, we the undersigned, therefore petition that David Hilliard be granted his human and constitutional rights, that is, parole from prison or an appeal bail bond by the American courts pending appeal of his case before higher courts, and that his retrial jury be of his peers, a true representation of a cross section of the community.

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SUPPORT THE SAMUEL L. NAPIER INTERCOMMUNAL YOUTH INSTITUTE

The Samuel Napier Intercommunal Youth Institute is a school designed to help our children think. It is located in the Oakland Bay Area and it points out through example that other schools have provided only the most basic courses; courses that have little relevance to the survival of poor people. We are trying to expand the concept that the whole world is the children's classroom.

The youth at Samuel Napier receive instruction in language arts, mathematics, science, health, physical education, political education and people's art. All of these courses are geared to the development of a well-rounded human being.

We need the help of all interested people in making our school run smoothly. Since its inception in 1970, its enrollment has rapidly increased. We need more instructors; instructors with everchanging ideas to cope with the everchanging ideas of the children.

If you have teaching skills and can donate some of your time, please contact the Black Panther Party at 8501 East 14th Street, Oakland, California; or phone 638-0195. The children, our youth, are our future. Without their growth, we, as a people, cannot survive.

ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE

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A PROGRAM FOR SURVIVAL

Free Breakfast Program

Provides children a free, hot breakfast every school morning.

People's Free Food Program

Provides free food to Black and other oppressed people.

Liberation Schools

Provides free educational facilities and materials to Black and other oppressed children to promote a correct view of their role in the society.

Intercommunal Youth Institute

Provides Black and other oppressed children with a scientific method of thinking and analyzing things, basic skills for living in the society and a concrete alternative to established learning institutions.

Legal Aid Educational Program

Provides full legal assistance to those involved in legal problems, as well as legal aid classes.

Free Busing to Prisons Program

Provides free transportation to prisons for families and friends of incarcerated men and women.

Free Commissary for Prisoners Program

Provides imprisoned men and women with the funds to purchase necessary commissary items inside the prison.

David Hilliard People's Free Shoe Program

Provides free shoes to the people made at the David Hilliard Free Shoe Factory and elsewhere.

Seniors Against A Fearful Environment (S.A.F.E.) Program

Provides free transportation and escort service for senior citizens to and from community banks the first of each month.

People's Free Community Employment Program

(Being Implemented)

Provides free job-finding services to poor and oppressed people who cannot find work.

People's Free Medical Research Health Clinics

Provides free medical treatment and preventative medical care for the people.

People's Free Plumbing and Maintenance Program

Provides free plumbing and repair services to improve people's housing conditions.

Community Cooperative Housing Program

(Being Implemented)

Provides decent housing, cooperatively owned and managed by the resident families.

People's Sickle Cell Anemia Research Foundation

Instituted to test and establish a cure for Sickle Cell Anemia, to create better educational programs around Sickle Cell Anemia and maintain an advisory committee of doctors already researching Sickle Cell Anemia.

People Free Clothing Program

Provides new, stylish and quality clothing free to the people.

Intercommunal News Service

Provides news and information about the Black and other oppressed communities throughout the U.S. and the world.

Free Pest Control Program

Free household extermination of rats, roaches, ants and other disease carrying pests and rodents.

People's Free Ambulance Service

(Being Implemented)

Provides free, 24-hour speedy transportation to people in need of emergency medical care.

People's Free Dental Program

(Being Implemented)

Provides free dental check-ups and treatment for the people, as well as an educational program for dental hygiene and preventative dental care.

People's Free Optometry Program

(Being Implemented)

Provides free eye examinations, treatment and eye correctional equipment (glasses, etc.) for the people.

-- [16] --